Byte Chaser Mac OS
Byte Chaser Mac OS
There are two download options for Mac OS X, both result in the same version of Sound Byte, we offer these options in case you have difficulties with one of the downloads: Download Sound Byte for Mac OSX. Version 4.7.6 ZIP Format Intel Only Download Sound Byte for Mac OSX. Version 4.7.6 DMG format Intel Only. Oracle Instant Client Downloads for macOS (Intel x86) See the Instant Client Home Page for more information about Instant Client. The installation instructions are at the foot of the page.
None of which means Mac owners are especially susceptible. “The techniques used to deceive users to install Shlayer also work fine with users of any other platform and OS,” Kaspersky’s. We're going to modify a Mac OS Sierra game using Bit Slicer! I will show you how to write a Python script for AoB scanning and modifying and how to find an a.
Question or issue on macOS:
I’m trying to replace a string in a Makefile on Mac OS X for cross-compiling to iOS. The string has embedded double quotes. The command is:
And the error is:
I’ve tried escaping the double quotes, commas, dashes, and colons with no joy. For example:
I’m having a heck of a time debugging the issue. Does anyone know how to get sed to print the position of the illegal byte sequence? Or does anyone know what the illegal byte sequence is?
How to solve this problem?
Solution no. 1:
A sample command that exhibits the symptom: sed 's/./@/' <<<$'xfc' fails, because byte 0xfc is not a valid UTF-8 char.
Note that, by contrast, GNUsed (Linux, but also installable on macOS) simply passes the invalid byte through, without reporting an error.
Using the formerly accepted answer is an option if you don’t mind losing support for your true locale (if you’re on a US system and you never need to deal with foreign characters, that may be fine.)
However, the same effect can be had ad-hoc for a single command only:
Note: What matters is an effectiveLC_CTYPE setting of C, so LC_CTYPE=C sed ... would normally also work, but if LC_ALL happens to be set (to something other than C), it will override individual LC_*-category variables such as LC_CTYPE. Thus, the most robust approach is to set LC_ALL.
However, (effectively) setting LC_CTYPE to C treats strings as if each byte were its own character (no interpretation based on encoding rules is performed), with no regard for the – multibyte-on-demand – UTF-8 encoding that OS X employs by default, where foreign characters have multibyte encodings.
In a nutshell: setting LC_CTYPE to C causes the shell and utilities to only recognize basic English letters as letters (the ones in the 7-bit ASCII range), so that foreign chars. will not be treated as letters, causing, for instance, upper-/lowercase conversions to fail.
Again, this may be fine if you needn’t match multibyte-encoded characters such as é, and simply want to pass such characters through.
If this is insufficient and/or you want to understand the cause of the original error (including determining what input bytes caused the problem) and perform encoding conversions on demand, read on below.
The problem is that the input file’s encoding does not match the shell’s.
More specifically, the input file contains characters encoded in a way that is not valid in UTF-8 (as @Klas Lindbäck stated in a comment) – that’s what the sed error message is trying to say by invalid byte sequence.
Most likely, your input file uses a single-byte 8-bit encoding such as ISO-8859-1, frequently used to encode “Western European” languages.
Example:
The accented letter à has Unicode codepoint 0xE0 (224) – the same as in ISO-8859-1. However, due to the nature of UTF-8 encoding, this single codepoint is represented as 2 bytes – 0xC3 0xA0, whereas trying to pass the single byte0xE0 is invalid under UTF-8.
Here’s a demonstration of the problem using the string voilà encoded as ISO-8859-1, with the à represented as one byte (via an ANSI-C-quoted bash string ($'...') that uses x{e0} to create the byte):
Note that the sed command is effectively a no-op that simply passes the input through, but we need it to provoke the error:
To simply ignore the problem, the above LCTYPE=C approach can be used:
If you want to determine which parts of the input cause the problem, try the following:
The output will show you all bytes that have the high bit set (bytes that exceed the 7-bit ASCII range) in hexadecimal form. (Note, however, that that also includes correctly encoded UTF-8 multibyte sequences - a more sophisticated approach would be needed to specifically identify invalid-in-UTF-8 bytes.)
Performing encoding conversions on demand:
Standard utility iconv can be used to convert to (-t) and/or from (-f) encodings; iconv -l lists all supported ones.
Examples:
Convert FROM ISO-8859-1 to the encoding in effect in the shell (based on LC_CTYPE, which is UTF-8-based by default), building on the above example:
Note that this conversion allows you to properly match foreign characters:
To convert the input BACK to ISO-8859-1 after processing, simply pipe the result to another iconv command:
Solution no. 2:
Add the following lines to your ~/.bash_profile or ~/.zshrc file(s).
Solution no. 3:
My workaround had been using Perl:
Solution no. 4:
mklement0's answer is great, but I have some small tweaks.
It seems like a good idea to explicitly specify bash's encoding when using iconv. Also, we should prepend a byte-order mark (even though the unicode standard doesn't recommend it) because there can be legitimate confusions between UTF-8 and ASCII without a byte-order mark. Unfortunately, iconv doesn't prepend a byte-order mark when you explicitly specify an endianness (UTF-16BE or UTF-16LE), so we need to use UTF-16, which uses platform-specific endianness, and then use file --mime-encoding to discover the true endianness iconv used.
(I uppercase all my encodings because when you list all of iconv's supported encodings with iconv -l they are all uppercase.)
Solution no. 5:
You simply have to pipe an iconv command before the sed command.
Ex with file.txt input :
iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF8-MAC file.txt sed 's/something/àéèêçùû/g' .....
-f option is the 'from' codeset and -t option is the 'to' codeset conversion.
Take care of case, web pages usually show lowercase like that < charset=iso-8859-1'/>
and iconv uses uppercase.
You have list of iconv supported codesets in you system with command iconv -l
UTF8-MAC is modern OS Mac codeset for conversion.
Solution no. 6:
Does anyone know how to get sed to print the position of the illegal byte sequence? Or does anyone know what the illegal byte sequence is?
I got part of the way to answering the above just by using tr.
I have a .csv file that is a credit card statement and I am trying to import it into Gnucash. I am based in Switzerland so I have to deal with words like Zürich. Suspecting Gnucash does not like ' ' in numeric fields, I decide to simply replace all
with
Here goes:
I used od to shed some light: Note the 374 halfway down this od -c output
Then I thought I might try to persuade tr to substitute 374 for whatever the correct byte code is. So first I tried something simple, which didn't work, but had the side effect of showing me where the troublesome byte was:
You can see tr bails at the 374 character.
Using perl seems to avoid this problem
Solution no. 7:
My workaround had been using gnu sed. Worked fine for my purposes.
Hope this helps!
In the first part of this article, I introduced you to Unicode, a grand unification scheme whereby every character in every writing system would be represented by a unique value, up to a potential one million distinct characters and symbols. Mac OS X has Unicode built in. In this concluding part of the article, we’ll look for it.
<https://tidbits.com/getbits.acgi?tbart=06774>
Forced Entry — To prove to yourself that Unicode is present on your computer, you can type some of its characters. Now, clearly you won’t be able to do this in the ordinary way, since the keyboard keys alone, even including the Option and Shift modifiers, can’t differentiate even 256 characters. Thus there has to be what’s called an 'input method.' Here’s a simple one: open the International preferences pane of Mac OS X’s System Preferences, go to the Keyboard Menu tab, and enable the Unicode Hex Input checkbox. Afterwards, a keyboard menu will appear in your menu bar (on my machine this looks, by default, like an American flag).
Now we’re ready to type. Launch TextEdit from your Applications folder. From the keyboard menu, choose Unicode Hex Input. Now hold down the Option key and type (without quotes or spaces) '042E 0440 0438'. You’ll see the Russian name 'Yuri' written as three Cyrillic characters. The values you typed were the Unicode hexadecimal (base-16) numeric codes for these characters.
<http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf>
Observe that if you now select 'Yuri' and change the font, it still reads correctly. Is this because every font in Mac OS X includes Cyrillic letters? No! It’s because, if the characters to be displayed aren’t present in the font you designate, Mac OS X automatically hunts through your installed fonts to find any font that includes them, and uses that instead. That’s important, because a font containing all Unicode characters would be huge, not to mention a lot of work to create. This way, font manufacturers can specialize, and each font can contribute just a subset of the Unicode repertoire.
Now, Unicode Hex Input, though it can generate any Unicode character if you happen to know its hex code, is obviously impractical. In real life, there needs to be a better way of typing characters. One way is through keyboard mappings. A keyboard mapping is the relationship between the key you type and the character code you generate. Normally, of course, every key generates a character from the ASCII range of characters. But consider the Symbol font. In Mac OS 9, the Symbol font was just an alternative set of characters superimposed on the ASCII range. In Mac OS X, though, Symbol characters are Unicode characters; they aren’t in the ASCII range at all. So to type using the Symbol font, you must use a different keyboard mapping: you type in the ordinary way, but your keystrokes generate different keycodes than they normally would, so you reach the area of the Unicode repertoire where the Symbol characters are.
To see this, first enable the Symbol mapping in the International preference pane. Next, open Key Caps from the Application folder’s Utilities folder, and choose Symbol from the Font menu. Now play with the keyboard menu. If you choose the U.S. keyboard mapping, Key Caps displays much of the font as blank; if you choose the Symbol keyboard mapping, the correct characters appear. In fact, it’s really the mapping (not the font) that’s important, since the Symbol characters appear in many other fonts (and, as we saw earlier, Mac OS X fetches the right character from another font if the designated font lacks it).
Another common keyboard mapping device is to introduce 'dead' keys. You may be familiar with this from the normal U.S. mapping, which lets you access certain diacritical variations of vowels, such as grave, acute, circumflex, and umlaut, using dead keys. For example, in the U.S. mapping, typing Option-u followed by 'u' creates u-umlaut; the Option-u tells the mapping to suspend judgment until the next typed input shows what character is intended. The Extended Roman keyboard mapping, which you can enable in the International preference pane, extends this principle to provide easy access to even more Roman diacritics; for example, Option-a becomes a dead key that puts a macron over the next vowel you type.
<http://homepage.mac.com/goldsmit/.Pictures/ ExtendedRoman.jpg>
Various other input methods exist for various languages, some of them (as for Japanese) quite elaborate. Unfortunately, Apple’s selection of these on Mac OS X still falls short of what was available in Mac OS 9; for example, there is no Devanagari, Arabic, or Hebrew input method for Mac OS X. In some cases, the input method for a language won’t appear in Mac OS X unless a specific font is also present; to get the font, you would install the corresponding Language Kit into Classic from the Mac OS 9 CD. In other cases, the material may be available through Software Update. I won’t give further details, since if you need a specific input method you probably know a lot more about the language, and Unicode, than I do.
<http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html? artnum=106484>
<http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html? artnum=120065>
Exploring the Web — An obvious benefit of Unicode standardization is the possibility of various languages and scripts becoming universally legible over the Web. For a taste of what this will be like, I recommend the UTF-8 Sampler page of Columbia University’s Kermit project; the URL is given below. You’ll need to be using OmniGroup’s OmniWeb browser; this is the only browser I’ve found that renders Unicode fonts decently. For best results, also download James Kass’s Code2000 font and drop it into one of your Fonts folders before starting up OmniWeb. (If you’re too lazy to download Code2000 you’ll still get pretty good results thanks to the Unicode fonts already installed in Mac OS X, but some characters will be replaced by a 'filler' character designed to let you know that the real character is missing.)
<http://www.omnigroup.com/applications/omniweb>
<http://home.att.net/~jameskass/CODE2000.ZIP>
<http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/utf8.html>
When you look at the Sampler using OmniWeb, you should see Runic, Middle English, Middle High German, Modern Greek, Russian, Georgian, and many others. One or two characters are missing, but the results are still amazingly good. The only major problem is that the right-to-left scripts such as Hebrew and Arabic are backwards (that is to say, uh, forwards). Note that you’re not seeing pictures! All the text is being rendered character by character from your installed fonts, just as in a word processor.
You may wonder how an HTML document can tell your browser what Unicode character to display. After all, to get an ordinary English 'e' to appear in a Web page, you just type an 'e' in the HTML document; but how do you specify, say, a Russian 'yu' character? With Unicode, there are two main ways. One is to use the numbered entity approach; just as you’re probably aware that you can get a double-quote character in HTML by saying '"', so you can get a Russian 'yu' by saying 'ю' (because 1102 is the decimal equivalent of that character’s Unicode value). This works fine if a page contains just a few Unicode characters; otherwise, though, it becomes tedious for whoever must write and edit the HTML, and makes for large documents, since every such character requires six bytes. A better solution is UTF-8.
To understand what UTF-8 is, think about how you would encode Unicode as a sequence of bytes. One obvious way would just be to have the bytes represent each character’s numeric value. For example, Russian 'yu' is hexadecimal 044E, so it could be represented by a byte whose value is 04 and a byte whose value is 4E. This is perfectly possible – in fact, it has an official name, UTF-16 – but it lacks backwards compatibility. A browser or text processor that doesn’t do Unicode can’t read any characters of a UTF-16 document – even if that document consists entirely of characters from the ASCII range. And even worse, a UTF-16 document can’t be transmitted across the Internet, because some of its bytes (such as the 04 in our example) are not legal character values. What’s necessary is a Unicode encoding such that all bytes are themselves legal ASCII characters.
That’s exactly what UTF-8 is. It’s a way of encoding Unicode character values as sequences of Internet-legal ASCII characters – where members of the original ASCII character set are simply encoded as themselves. With this encoding, an application (such as a browser or a word processor) that doesn’t understand UTF-8 will show sequences of Unicode characters as ASCII – that is, as gibberish – but at least it will show any ordinary ASCII characters correctly. The HTML way to let a browser know that it’s seeing a UTF-8 document is a <META> tag specifying the 'charset' as 'utf-8'. OmniWeb sees this and interprets the Unicode sequences correctly. For example, the UTF-8 encoding of Russian 'yu' is D18E. Both D1 and 8E are legal ASCII character bytes: on a Mac they’re an em-dash followed by an e-acute. Indeed, you can just type those two characters into an HTML document that declares itself as UTF-8, and OmniWeb will show them as a Russian 'yu'.
Byte Chaser Mac Os X
If you want to learn more about the Unicode character set and test your fonts against the standard, or if you’d like to focus on a particular language, Alan Wood’s Web pages are an extremely well-maintained portal and an excellent starting point. And TidBITS reader Tom Gewecke (who also provided some great help with this article) maintains a page with useful information about the state of languages on the Mac, with special attention to Mac OS X and Unicode.
<http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/unicode/ index.html>
<http://hometown.aol.com/tg3907/mlingos9.html>
Exploring Your Fonts — Meanwhile, back on your own hard disk, you may be wondering what Unicode fonts you have and what Unicode characters they contain. Unfortunately, Apple provides no way to learn the answer. You can’t find out with Key Caps, since the range of characters corresponding to keys and modifiers is minuscule in comparison with the Unicode character set. Most other font utilities are blind to everything beyond ASCII. One great exception is the $15 FontChecker, from WunderMoosen. This program lets you explore the full range of Unicode characters in any font, and is an absolute must if you’re going to make any sense of Unicode fonts on your Mac. It also features drag-and-drop, which can make it helpful as an occasional input method. I couldn’t have written this article without it.
Mac Os Versions
<http://www.wundermoosen.com/wmXFCHelp.html>
Also valuable is UnicodeChecker, a free utility from Earthlingsoft that displays every Unicode character. Unlike FontChecker, it isn’t organized by font, but simply shows every character in order, and can even display characters from the supplementary planes. (Download James Kass’s Code2001 font if you want to see some of these.)
<http://homepage.mac.com/earthlingsoft/ apps.html#unicodechecker>
<http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/>
<http://home.att.net/~jameskass/CODE2001.ZIP>
A Long Way To Go — Unicode is still in its infancy; Mac OS X is too. So if this overview has given you the sense that Unicode on Mac OS X is more of a toy than a tool, you’re right. There needs to be a lot of growth, on several fronts, for Mac OS X’s Unicode support to become really useful.
A big problem right now is the lack of Unicode support in applications. Already we saw that not all browsers are created equal; we had to use OmniWeb to view a Unicode Web page correctly (try the UTF-8 Sampler page in another browser to see the difference). And there’s good reason why I had you experiment with typing Unicode using TextEdit and not some other word processor. Also, be warned that you can’t necessarily tell from its documentation what an application can do. Software companies like to use the Unicode buzzword, but there’s many a slip ‘twixt the buzzword and the implementation. Microsoft Word X claims you can 'enter, display, and edit text in all supported languages,' but it doesn’t accept the Unicode Hex Input method and often you can’t paste Unicode characters into it. BBEdit can open and save Unicode text files, but its display of Unicode characters is poor – it often has layout problems, and it can display only a single font at a time (whereas, as we’ve seen, Unicode characters are typically drawn from various fonts). BBEdit also doesn’t accept the Unicode Hex Input method, so you can’t really use it to work with Unicode files.
The operating system itself must evolve too. The Unicode standard has requirements about bidirectional scripts and combining multiple characters that Mac OS X doesn’t yet fully handle. The installed fonts don’t represent the full character set. More input methods are required, and Apple needs to provide utilities for creating keyboard mappings, and perhaps even simple input methods, so that users can start accessing their favorite characters easily. The Unicode standard, meanwhile, is itself constantly being revised and extended. At the same time, Windows users are getting built-in language and Unicode support that in some respects is light-years ahead of Mac OS X. The hope is that as things progress, Apple will catch up, and the Unicode promise of Mac OS X will start to be fulfilled. Then the Mac will be not just a digital hub, but a textual hub as well.
Byte Chaser Mac OS